Health Encyclopedia

Frequent or urgent urination

Definition

Frequent urination means needing to urinate more often than usual. Urgent urination is a sudden, strong need to urinate. This causes a discomfort in your bladder. Urgent urination makes it difficult to delay using the toilet.

A frequent need to urinate at night is called nocturia. Most people can sleep for 6 to 8 hours without having to urinate.

Alternative Names

Urgent urination; Urinary frequency or urgency; Urgency-frequency syndrome; Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome; Urge syndrome

Causes

Common causes of these symptoms are:

Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Enlarged prostate in middle-aged and older men
Swelling and infection of the urethra
Vaginitis (swelling or discharge of the vulva and vagina)
Nerve related problems
Caffeine intake

Less common causes include:

Alcohol use
Anxiety
Bladder cancer (not common)
Spine problems
Diabetes that is not well controlled
Pregnancy
Interstitial cystitis
Medicines such as water pills (diuretics)
Overactive bladder syndrome
Radiation therapy to the pelvis, which is used to treat certain cancers
Stroke and other brain or nervous system diseases
Tumor or growth in the pelvis

Home Care

Follow the advice of your health care provider to treat the cause of the problem.

It may help to write down the times when you urinate and the amount of urine you produce. Bring this record to your visit with the provider. This is called a voiding diary.

In some cases, you may have problems controlling urine (incontinence) for a period of time. You may need to take steps to protect your clothing and bedding.

For nighttime urination, avoid drinking too much fluid before going to bed. Cut down on the amount of liquids you drink that contain alcohol or caffeine.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider right away if:

You have fever, back or side pain, vomiting, or shaking chills
You have increased thirst or appetite, fatigue, or sudden weight loss

Also contact your provider if:

You have urinary frequency or urgency, but you are not pregnant and you are not drinking large amounts of fluid.
You have incontinence or you have changed your lifestyle because of your symptoms.
You have bloody or cloudy urine.
There is a discharge from the penis or vagina.

What to Expect at Your Office Visit

Your provider will take a medical history and do a physical exam.

Tests that may be done include:

Urinalysis
Urine culture
Cystometry or urodynamic testing (a measurement of the pressure within the bladder)
Cystoscopy
Nervous system tests (for some urgency problems)
Ultrasound (such as an abdominal ultrasound or a pelvic ultrasound)

Treatment depends on the cause of the urgency and frequency. You may need to take antibiotics and medicine to ease your discomfort.

References

Conway B, Phelan PJ, Stewart GD. Nephrology and urology. In: Penman ID, Ralston SH, Strachan MWJ, Hobson RP, eds. Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 18.

Rane A, Kulkarni M, Iyer J. Prolapse and disorders of the urinary tract. In: Symonds I, Arulkumaran S, eds. Essential Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 21.

Reynolds WS, Cohn JA. Overactive bladder. In: Partin AW, Dmochowski RR, Kavoussi LR, Peters CA, eds. Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 117.

Review Date:4/10/2022
Reviewed By:Kelly L. Stratton, MD, FACS, Associate Professor, Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

The Agency for Health Care Administration (Agency) and this website do not claim the information on, or referred to by, this site is error free. This site may include links to websites of other government agencies or private groups. Our Agency and this website do not control such sites and are not responsible for their content. Reference to or links to any other group, product, service, or information does not mean our Agency or this website approves of that group, product, service, or information.

Additionally, while health information provided through this website may be a valuable resource for the public, it is not designed to offer medical advice. Talk with your doctor about medical care questions you may have.