Health Encyclopedia

Pancreatic pseudocyst

Definition

A pancreatic pseudocyst is a fluid-filled sac in the abdomen that arises from the pancreas. It may also contain tissue from the pancreas, enzymes, and blood.

Alternative Names

Pancreatitis - pseudocyst

Causes

The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach. It produces chemicals (called enzymes) needed to digest food. It also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.

Pancreatic pseudocysts most often develop after an episode of severe pancreatitis. Pancreatitis happens when your pancreas gets inflamed. There are many causes of this problem.

This problem may sometimes occur:

In someone with long-term (chronic) swelling of the pancreas (pancreatitis), most often due to alcohol abuse
After trauma to the belly, more often in children

The pseudocyst happens when the ducts (tubes) in the pancreas are damaged and fluid with enzymes cannot drain.

Symptoms

Symptoms can occur within days to months after an attack of pancreatitis. They include:

Bloating of the abdomen
Constant pain or deep ache in the abdomen, which may also be felt in the back
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Difficulty eating and digesting food

Exams and Tests

The health care provider may feel your abdomen for a pseudocyst. It will feel like a lump in the middle or left upper abdomen.

Tests that may help detect pancreatic pseudocyst include:

Treatment

Treatment depends on the size of the pseudocyst and whether it is causing symptoms. Many pseudocysts go away on their own. Those that remain for more than 6 weeks and are larger than 5 centimeters (about 2 inches) in diameter often need treatment.

Possible treatments include:

Drainage through the skin using a needle, most often guided by a CT scan.
Endoscopic-assisted drainage using an endoscope. In this, a tube containing a camera and a light is passed down into the stomach)
Surgical drainage of the pseudocyst. A connection is made between the cyst and the stomach or small intestine. This may be done using a laparoscope.

Outlook (Prognosis)

The outcome is generally good with treatment. It is important to make sure that it is not a pancreatic cancer that starts in a cyst, which has a worse outcome.

Possible Complications

Complications may include:

A pancreatic abscess can develop if the pseudocyst becomes infected.
The pseudocyst can break open (rupture). This can be a serious complication because shock and excess bleeding (hemorrhage) may develop.
The pseudocyst may press down on (compress) nearby organs.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

If you are known to have a pseudocyst, rupture of the pseudocyst is a medical emergency. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you develop symptoms of bleeding or shock, such as:

Fainting
Fever and chills
Rapid heartbeat
Severe abdominal pain

Prevention

The way to prevent pancreatic pseudocysts is by preventing pancreatitis. If pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, the provider will perform surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

When pancreatitis occurs due to alcohol abuse, you must stop drinking alcohol to prevent future attacks.

When pancreatitis occurs due to high blood triglycerides, this condition should be treated.

References

Forsmark CE. Pancreatitis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 135.

Martin MJ, Brown CVR. Management of pancreatic pseudocyst. In: Cameron AM, Cameron JL, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:525-536.

Vege SS. Acute pancreatitis. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 58.

Review Date:10/25/2021
Reviewed By:Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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